Alcatraz as a Tourist Attraction Essay - 3109 Words

Its 1934, prohibition is the law, and organized crime is booming. Youve been convicted of tax evasion and have spent the last couple years at the Atlanta U.S. Penitentiary. With several thousand dollars stuffed in the hollow handle of your tennis racket, and a warden in your pocket, youve been living life like a king. But all thats about to come to and end, you find yourself standing on Pier 41, Fishermans Warf, San Francisco bay. Its early morning and the fog obscures your view. As it starts to lift and recede into the ocean, it takes along with it all forms of courage and hope that still remain within you. All thats left is the view before you, twenty-two acres of solid granite surrounded by a fast moving sea of icy waters.†¦show more content†¦The weather on the island is cold and windy most to the time, and, with exception to the other tourist, the feeling you get while there is one of bitterness and despair. So how has this island managed to survive this long? It has su rvived through the interest of the people that do not inhabit it. It has survived because of tourism. So how has Alcatraz transformed from one of the most feared prisons of its time, to one of San Franciscos most popular tourist attractions? I feel this question demands an answer because no other prison in U.S. history has ever been so popular for so many different reasons. It started as a U.S. Army fort, then became a high security prison, was then the inspiration to the Indian Movement, and ended its career to this day as a popular tourist attraction. I feel that the fears and stories that have escaped from the island during the time it was a federal prison, have heightened peoples curiosity about what it was like to be a prisoner of The Rock. Each day more and more people venture to Pier 41, they buy their ticket aboard the Old Blue, and start their adventure to the island of the unknown. Experience the infamous Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary (Blue Gold Fleet, 2001). This is one of the many advertisements the Blue Gold Fleet offer to tourist in hopes of attracting business. And a fter waiting in line for over an hour just to get tickets, I dont think they need to worry aboutShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Tourist Motivation and Behaviour Concerning Dark Tourism Sites3254 Words   |  14 PagesUnderstanding tourist motivation concerning the term dark tourism with a focus on Alcatraz Table of Content 1. Introduction 3 2. Abstract 4 3. The definition development of dark tourism 5 4. The different types of Dark Tourism 6 4.1. Holocaust Tourism 6 4.2. Battlefield tourism 6 4.3. Cemetery Tourism 7 4.4. Slavery-Heritage Tourism 7 4.5. Prison tourism 7 5. Motivation factors vary from person to person. 7 5.1. Belonging to a particular community and education 7 5.2. Concept of SchadenfreudeRead MoreDid Anyone Ever Escape Alcatraz? Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagesthere escape from Alcatraz, but it cannot be proven. 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Today, the prison is only used as a tourist attraction, a mere shadow of what it once was. (DeconstructingRead More Alcatraz Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesFrancisco Bay, they crash up against an island standing in the strait. This rock is hidden by the fog and isolated by the chilling waters of the Pacific that flow in and out every day. It has a gloom that hangs about its rocky face most know it as Alcatraz but the men who experienced this island, referre d to her as â€Å"The Rock†. To the men confined there, it is not only the ultimate in isolation but the most ironic because they are there in the midst of the activity of a busy harbor with small craftRead MoreSouthwest Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesfishing, hunting, four wheeling and boat riding. The south is well known for their southern hospitality, and kind-hearted people. It is also known as the one of the largest tourist attractions. Between Atlanta, Georgia where Stone Mountain is located to Orlando, Florida the home none other than Walt Disney World. If the major attractions are not your thing do not worry. The South is also known for their white sandy beaches, and hot sunny days. We also cannot forget the â€Å"football†, and the multiple NationalRead MoreThe Dark Tourism, The Concept1945 Words   |  8 Pages2. Literature Review: 2.1 Dark Tourism, the concept. 2.1.1 Definition Tourism comes from the Greek and Latin words meaning â€Å"to circle† Since the beginning of civilisation, people have been drawn â€Å"towards sites, attractions or events that are somehow linked to negative historical events where death, violence, suffering or disaster played a major role† (Sharpley and Stone, 2009). Dark Tourism is a growing phenomenon that which academics are still yet to fully understand. The concept of Dark TourismRead MoreImpact of Visist California in Tourism1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe 37 members Visit California commission include individuals from all 12 regions of California and they manage all properties of those regions (About Visit California, 2014). They provide services like â€Å"accommodations, restaurants and retail, attractions and recreation, transportation and travel services, and the passenger car rental industry† (About Visit California, 2014). Visit California is composed of many sources of income, such as sale taxes, fees, and more. Overall Revenue Visit CaliforniaRead MoreNemo Dat1336 Words   |  6 Pagescontract that stated that he owned the Eiffel Tower while Lustig was handed a real check. The Count and Dapper Dan quickly cashed their earnings and just as quickly fled France for Austria. Lustig never did say how much he got paid for Frances top tourist attraction Resting in Vienna they scanned the newspapers to see if Poisson went to the police; he didnt. Poisson was too embarrassed to tell anyone what happened. After a months vacation Lustig and Dapper Dan decided to do it again. This time theyRead MoreAl Capone: One of the Most Ruthless Men of All Time1958 Words   |  8 Pagesthe first prisoners to be transferred to Alcatraz in San Francisco. At Alcatraz, prisoners were allowed no contact with the outside world. Capone soon developed symptoms of mental instability. He was seed wandering around the prison in a confused state and was raving and drooling. He was diagnosed as suffering from tertiary syphilis. Capone spent the rest of his prison term in the hospital (Stockdale 44). On January 6, 1939, he was released from Alcatraz and went to a county jail. Then on NovemberRead MoreCorrections Timeline2539 Words   |  11 Pagesand were not equipped to deal with this new wave of criminals. They would often retreat or avoid any conflicts involving gangsters, who were often better armed than they were. Once captured, Alcatraz was the ideal solution to the rising problem. Before Alcatraz became one of the biggest tourist attractions and most famous landmarks of the San Francisco Bay area, it was once considered the toughest Federal prison in America. In the mid 1800’s its natural isolation, surrounded by freezing waters

Judicial Precedent in the English Legal System Free Essays

string(42) " of the decisions of the superior courts\." The doctrine of judicial precedent is based on the principle of stare decisis which means ‘to stand by what has been decided’. It is a common law principle whereby judges are bound to follow previous decisions in cases where the material facts are sufficiently similar and the earlier decision was made in a court above the current one in the court hierarchy. This doctrine of precedent is extremely strong in English law as it ensures fairness and consistency and it highlights the importance of case law in our legal system. We will write a custom essay sample on Judicial Precedent in the English Legal System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Black’s Law Dictionary defines â€Å"precedent† as a â€Å"rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases. † For this system to operate successfully, in both criminal and civil courts, three things are required – a settled court structure, a ratio decidendi and accurate records of the decisions made by superior courts. A settled court structure is required as judges need to know which decisions they are bound to follow. The English Court hierarchy was largely established by the Judicature Acts 1873-75. The House of Lords was made the final appeal court in 1876 under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, in 2009 the Supreme Court became the final appeal court. There are two court systems, criminal and civil, and they both contain various appeal routes in a vertical court structure. As the UK is a member of the EU, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights bind all English Courts in respect to matters within their jurisdiction. For criminal cases the Supreme Court, formally the House of Lords, is the most superior court in the hierarchy. It binds all courts lower than itself and generally follows its own past decisions. The next court below in the hierarchy is the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division), they are bound by the past decisions of the Supreme Court/House of Lords and its own past decisions. Both Supreme Court and Court of Appeal have a way of avoiding following their own binding precedent which I will discuss later. Below the Court of Appeal is the Queen’s Bench Divisional Court, they are bound by both Supreme Court and Court of Appeal. They are bound by their own past decisions however they can take a flexible approach in order to protect the liberty of the individual in question. The last two courts in the hierarchy are the Crown Court and Magistrates Court. These courts are bound by the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal and Queen’s Bench Divisional Court however they are not bound by their own decisions and they do not bind any other court. The civil court hierarchy is different; the Supreme Court is still the superior court, followed by the Court of Appeal (Civil Division). The next court down the hierarchy is the Divisional Courts of The High Court, which are bound by the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal, also bound by their own decisions. The next court is the High Court, they are bound by the decisions of all three superior courts and the decisions of the High Court bind the two inferior courts which are the County Court and Magistrates Court. The inferior courts are bound by all superior courts but they are not bound by their own past decisions. The ratio decidendi, ‘the reason for deciding’ is the legal principle which the decision of the court is based upon. It is the ratio decidendi which forms the binding precedent which must be followed in future cases of similar fact, the same court and all courts below it. An example of a ratio decidendi is in the case of R v Howe (1987) where the House of Lords held that the plea of duress was no defence against the charge of murder; this judgement became binding precedent which must be followed by the Supreme Court and all courts below it. It is also important to mention the obiter dictum which forms the remainder of the judgement. An obiter dictum means ‘other things said’ and these statements do not bind however they can form highly persuasive precedent. An example of an obiter dicta statement is also found in the case of R v Howe (1987) where the judge stated that if the charge had been attempted murder rather than murder, then duress would still not have been available as a defence. This statement was obiter dicta because it did not directly relate to the facts of this particular case. This persuasive precedent was followed in the case of R v Gotts (1992) where a defendant charged with attempted murder tried to use the defence of duress in the Court of Appeal. The ratio decidendi of R v Gotts (1992) then formed its own binding precedent. Other persuasive precedents include decisions of the Scottish courts and those made in the courts of other Commonwealth countries such as Australia and Canada. This may be because a case with these particular facts has not been heard in the English Courts before but may have been heard in another country. This was the case in R v R (1991) where the Court of Appeal and House of Lords followed previous decisions made by the Scottish courts that a man could be found guilty of raping his wife. Another persuasive precedent are dissenting judgements which come from the appeal courts. In the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal the cases are heard by more than one judge and sometimes a decision is reached by only a majority of these judges. The judges in the minority will also give a judgement for why they came to their decisions and this is called a dissenting judgement. A dissenting judgement was followed by Lord Denning in the case of Candler v Crane Christmas (1951). The final requirement to ensure effective operation of judicial precedent is that there needs to be accurate records of the decisions of the superior courts. You read "Judicial Precedent in the English Legal System" in category "Papers" These can be found in Law Reports. It is crucial that accurate records are available so that it is possible for the binding and persuasive precedents to be found. One example of a law report is the All England Law Report, law reports are also found in the media, The Times publishes law reports weekly. The reports contain all relevant information relating to the case – names of litigants, cases used, solicitors, barristers, a summary of the facts and the judgement itself. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to judicial precedent and how it operates in the courts in England and Wales, most advantages have corresponding disadvantages. One advantage is the certainty it provides, as the courts follow past decisions. Due to this certainty people are more aware of what the law is and have a better idea of how it may be applied in their case. In the House of Lords Practice Statement 1966 it points out how important certainty within the law is. Another advantage is consistency and fairness in the law so it can be seen that similar cases are decided in a similar way. In order for law to be credible it must be consistent. For example, the ratio of R v Howe that duress is no defence to the charge of murder must be followed in cases of similar material fact. There is a wealth of detail contained in the reported cases. The principles set out in the cases are a response to real life situations and things that may have occurred and this can guide future litigants. Over time the law will become more precise as it will gradually be built up by all the variations of facts that come before the courts. Judicial precedent is also flexible and there is room for the law to change as the Supreme Court can use the Practice Statement to overrule cases. An example of flexibility is in R v R, after the judgement was made, Parliament amended the Sexual Offences Act 1956, stating that marital rape is a crime. The doctrine of precedent also allows for new or ‘original’ precedents to be created. This will occur when there are no previous decisions on the case before the court or there is no legislative provision. Therefore an original precedent makes legal provisions for a matter for which there was previously no law. An example of this, where the matter had no come before the court before and Parliament had no guidance to offer, is found in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority (1985). In this case the House of Lords had to decide whether girls under the age of 16 could be prescribed contraceptives without parental consent. The Lords decided that girls could be prescribed contraceptives in this circumstance, provided they could understand the issues involved. Judicial precedent can also been seen as a useful timesaver. Where a principle has already been established, cases with similar material facts are unlikely to have to go through a lengthy litigation process. A major disadvantage of judicial precedent is how rigid it is. An unjust precedent can lead to further injustices, as once the Supreme Court sets an unjust precedent it won’t be overruled until a case with similar facts goes on to the Supreme Court on appeal. The chances are that this may not happen for many years. Also, the law may become outdated and require modernisation. An example of this is where judges since the 1960’s had felt that the law stating a builder did not owe a duty of care to persons they had sold a house to was unfair. Lord Denning made obiter comments regarding this to the effect that a duty should be owed. However the law was not changed until 1978 in Batty v Metropolitan Property Realisations Ltd where it was held that a duty of care was owed. Sometimes the law will only be changed if an individual had the courage, the persistence and the money to appeal their case. It can be very difficult for anyone to conduct thorough research into the law; hundreds of judgements are made every year so it can be hard to discover the precise law on a matter. In order to find this out a person may have to search through many volumes of law reports, the complete official law reports are estimated to run to almost half a million pages. The judgements are often complex and therefore it can be difficult to determine what the ratio decidendi of a case actually is. In the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court there is more than one judgement to consider and a common ratio must be decided by the judges in future cases. A judge may also give more than one ratio, for example in Rickards v Lothian (1913) where Lord Moulton gave two ratios for not holding the defendant liable. Judgements themselves are often long with no clear distinction between comments made and the reasons for the decision. In Dodd’s Case (1973) the judges in the Court of Appeal were unable to find the ratio in a decision of the House of Lords. Also, the use of distinguishing to avoid past decisions have lead to some areas of law becoming very complex. It can also be argued that judges are overstepping their constitutional role by actually making the law rather than just applying it. Judicial precedent maybe seen as undemocratic as it is the role of Parliament to create law, the judiciary are there to enforce it. In the same way it can also be seen as undemocratic as judges are not elected and therefore should not be making law. Another disadvantage is that there is no opportunity for the judge to research or consult experts on the likely outcomes or effects of their decisions. Therefore judges are confined to making their decisions based on the arguments presented in the course of the case. Despite the doctrine of judicial precedent being a major factor in the English legal system, there are a number of ways by which a judge may avoid following a precedent. Distinguishing is a method which can be used by a judge to avoid following a precedent. If a judge finds that the material facts of a current case are sufficiently different from those of a previous precedent and can draw a distinction between them, then he is not bound by the previous decision. Two cases that demonstrate this process are Balfour v Balfour 1919) and Merritt v Merritt (1971). In both cases a wife was making a claim against her husband for breach of contract. The judgement in Balfour was that the claim could not succeed as it had been a domestic arrangement rather than a legal one and therefore was not legally binding. In Merritt the court held that there was a legal contract between husband and wife and the agreement had been made in writing and took place after they had separated. This distinguished the case from Balfour, the agreement in Merritt was not just a domestic arrangement, and it was a legally enforceable contract. This provided sufficient differences between the cases that the judge in Merritt did not have to follow the judgement made in Balfour. Another mechanism which can be used by judges to avoid following precedent is overruling where a court in a later case states that the legal ruling decided in an earlier case is wrong. Overruling is where a higher court does not follow a precedent set in a previous case, either by a lower court or by itself. This may occur when a higher court overrules a decisions made in an earlier case by a lower court. An example of a superior court overruling a previous precedent set by a lower court is Hedley Byrnes v Heller and Partners (1964) which was a claim for damages arising from negligent and misleading advice. The House of Lords overruled the decisions of the majority in the Court of Appeal in Candler v Crane Christmas (1951) and held that there can be liability for making a negligent mis-statement. However, too frequently overruling casts doubts on the certainty of the law and leads to inconsistencies. For lawyers to be able to give good advice the law must remain relatively â€Å"safe to predict† and this not the case if senior judges use every available opportunity to reverse the decisions of their predecessors. Some alarm was caused in the 1986 case of R v Shivpuri (1986) which was the first use of the Practice Statement in a criminal case. The House of Lords overruled their own previous decision made in Anderton v Ryan which had only been made twelve months earlier as they believed that the law (Criminal Attempts Act 1981) has be incorrectly applied. On the other hand, the House of Lords have often been reluctant to overrule even bad previous decisions. This was illustrated in Jones v Secretary of State, where the decision in R v Dowling was allowed to stand even though four of the seven Law Lords thought it was wrong. The need for certainty is still highlighted in the decision of the House of Lords since 1966. Both of these practises can be useful in allowing flexibility within the law but can also lead to uncertainties and inconsistencies which undermine the reliability of the system. However, where these two parallel ideas of certainty and flexibility is concerned, there will never be one definite solution to satisfy all. Disapproving can also be used by judges to avoid following precedent; this is where a judge states in his judgement that he believes the decision in an earlier case is wrong. This may occur where the present case is on a related point of law but the point of law is not sufficiently similar for the earlier decision to be overruled. It can also occur where the judge in a lower court in the hierarchy than the court which made the original decision. In this situation the lower court cannot overrule the superior court however they can disapprove of the decision by expressing their view that it was wrong. An example of this is found in the case of R v Hasan (2005), this case was about the availability of the defence of duress by threats, to a criminal offence. The main point of the case was whether a defendant could use the defence of duress if he should have realised that he was putting himself in a position where he might be pressurised into committing an offence. Reversing is similar to overruling however it occurs where a higher court does not follow precedent set by a lower court in the same case. Reversing is where the same case has gone to appeal and the appeal court reaches the opposite decisions to that of the lower court. An example of reversing is found in Fitzpatrick v Sterling House Association Ltd (2000). In this case the Court of Appeal refused to allow the homosexual partner of a deceased tenant to take over the tenancy due to regulations laid out in the Rent Act 1977. On appeal the House of Lords reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal. The Practice Statement 1966 was issued by the House of Lords, declaring their intention not to be bound by their own previous decisions. The Practice Statement allowed the House of Lords to change the law if they believe that the decision made in an earlier case is wrong. It gave them to the flexibility to refuse to follow an earlier judgement when ‘it appears right to do so’. This was shown in the case Herrington v British Railways Board (1972) which involved the law on duty of care owed to a child trespasser. In the case of Addie v Dumbreck (1929), the judgement was that an occupier of land would only hold a duty of care for injuries to child trespassers if they were caused deliberately. In Herrington the Lords held that social and physical conditions had changes since 1929 and therefore the law should also change. The judgement in Herrington was that land owners did owe a duty to prevent injury or death to child trespassers. The Court of Appeal can also refuse to follow its own previous decisions under three exceptions that were bought up in the case of Young v Bristol Aeroplane (1944) These exceptions are as follows; If a previous decision conflicts with a later House of Lords (Supreme Court) decision, it must follow the decision of the House of Lords; if there are two conflicting previous decisions then the Court of Appeal must choose between them. †¢If its previous decision was made per incuriam e. g. mistakenly or without care †¢If the House of Lords (Supreme Court) has ove rruled a previous decision of the Court of Appeal There is an additional reason for the Court of Appeal to depart from following its own past decisions and that is where it has been disapproved by the Privy Council. Privy Council opinion has only persuasive value, it is not binding. An example of this is where Morgan Smith killed a former flatmate during a fight. His defences were that he did not intend to kill or cause grievous bodily harm; that he was suffering from diminished responsibility; and that he was provoked. The focus of the appeal was on the objective part of the test for provocation and whether the reasonable person could be given certain characteristics of the accused, in this case the characteristic of having a severe depressive illness. The Court declined to follow the opinion in Luc Thiet Thuan v R (1996). It is also important to mention in the effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 on judicial precedent. If the precedent was set before the Human Rights Act came into force, the precedent may be contrary to it. As with judicial precedent itself, there are also a number of advantages and disadvantages to the avoidance of precedent by the courts. One advantage is that it allows potential for growth and means that case law is not completely rigid. The different mechanisms for avoiding precedent allow judges to develop and modernise the law when it is necessary. An example of this is the case of Hall v Simons (2000) where the House of Lords modernised the law and held that barristers could be held accountable for negligently presenting a case in court. In this case the court refused to follow the decision made in the case of Rondel v Worsley (1967) as it was deemed that the commercial world had changed significantly since 1967. Sometimes precedents can be developed to a point in which they are seen to be unfair, avoiding precedent allow these unfair laws to be replaced with more appropriate ones. In the case of R v R and G (2003) which involved two very young defendants convicted of arson, the House of Lords used the Practice Statement to avoid following the precedent set in the case of Caldwell (1981). The question facing the House of Lords was whether the defendants had foreseen the risk; they held it was unfair to judge the actions of an 11 and 12 year old by the standard of a reasonable person. The House of Lords brought about a change in the law meaning that if the question of recklessness should come up, a subjective test is used which requires the defendant to have foreseen the risk. A disadvantage of avoiding precedent is that the law changes as a result, creating laws retrospectively. This can be seen as being unjust, as the precedent that is set applies to events that have already happened. It may be that the defendant in a case committed an act that at the time of commission was actually within the law. This was the case in R v R (1991), at the time of the attack, the law stated that a man could not be found guilty of raping his wife. Due to the retrospectively law making, the defendant was found guilty and imprisoned. When there is a chance that a judge may avoid precedent it can remove the certainty within the law and make the outcome of some cases uncertain. This is unwelcome as justice requires that cases and defendants are treated in the same way. It also causes problems for legal professionals, who will not be able to advise with certainty on the likely outcome of a case. In criminal law certainty is particularly needed because the liberty of the defendant is at stake. In the case of Howe (1987), the House of Lords held that duress was no defence for murder, whether the defendant is the principle or an accessory. This case overruled the earlier House of Lords decisions in DPP v Lynch (1975), where it was held that duress was available as defence when charged with being an accessory to murder. Also, avoiding judicial precedent does not conform with the idea of separation of power. Only Parliament should create new law and it is the role of the judiciary to apply it. However when judges avoid following precedent they inevitably create new law. 1. Black’s Law Dictionary, p. 1059 (5th ed. 1979). How to cite Judicial Precedent in the English Legal System, Papers

Lead Poisoning Among Children

Question: What are the physical and mental effects of pollution on children? Answer: Absolute risks are faced by growing children because of pollution as their lungs are growing and their activeness. Lead is a metal that is naturally occurring and used in almost everything and can cause serious health ailments to young children because their small growing bodies are more susceptible of retaining and captivating lead. Physical health problems in children: Lead is a dangerous metal once it gets into the body as it gets distributed in the whole body of an individual like iron, calcium and zinc etc. Lead is harmful inside the body like for example if it is in the bloodstream, red blood cells can be damaged by it that can result in limiting the ability of carrying oxygen into the various parts and tissues of the body and this can make the person anemic (Balbus, 2008). There can also be a problem of interference of lead with the blood cells and also the calcium will be absorbed that is needed for the growth of strong and healthy body. Calcium that is damaged by lead is essential for the proper growth of teeth, muscle contraction and effective functioning of blood vessels and nerves (Long, 2001). If lead remains for long-term in individuals, it can lead to dangerous results of increased risk of high blood pressure and damages to the kidney of human beings. Mental effects of lead pollution in Children: Central nervous system and brain of children is attacked by lead that causes convulsions, coma and can even lead to death among individuals. On the other hand, the survivors of lead poisoning may encounter severe health problems of disruptions in behavior and mental retardation (Binns, Ricks, 2003). The development of brain in children is also adversely affected by children that lead to reduced intelligence quotient (IQ). Children due to lead poisoning may face other serious health issues such as shortened attention span, condensed attainment of education and increment in the anti-social behavior in children. Other major health ailments caused by lead exposure are immunotoxicity, anemia, hypertension and renal impairment (Needleman, 2004, p-215). Children can also face an acute problem of toxicity to the various reproductive organs. It is believed that the behavioral and neurological effects of lead on children are irreversible. A cooperative initiative must be taken both by the government and the society for preventing lead poisoning among children. Children must be prevented from exposure to leaded paints that can cause them lead ailments and also the occupational exposure to lead contained paints will also be reduced. With this approach the manufacturing and sale of lead contained paints can be minimized that can even prevent children up to a great extent from the risks of lead poisoning. The dangerous nature of Lead has been causing lots of issues as well as tension for he parents. Lead can have physical as well as mental effects on the growing children. The above sections takes into considerations various effects and measures that can be taken to fight it. References: Balbus, J. 2008 Best reason yet for congestion pricing: Kids mental health Daily News 23 March, viewed 27 June 2008. Binns, HJ Ricks OB 2003, Helping parents prevent lead poising. Viewed 27 June 2008. Long, R. 2001, the effects of air pollution on children, in Lecture Ready 2, P Sarosky K Sherak 2006, Oxford University Press, Oxford p.57. Needleman, H., 2004. Lead poisoning.Annu. Rev. Med.,55, pp.209-222.